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国际商务英语全真模拟演练（一） 1、 per capita income 人均收入 2、 compound duties 混合税
3、 counter trade 对销贸易 反向贸易 4、 gold standard 金本位制
5、 correspondent bank 往来行 关系行 6、 tax holiday 免税期
7、 force majeure 不可抗力
8、 economic integration 经济一体化 9、 capital market 资本市场 10、 securities 有价证券 11、 关税区 costoms area 12、 东道国 host countries 13、 借方 debit 14、 折扣 discout 15、 追溯到 be traced back to 16、 贸易惯例 trading practices 17、 光票信用证 clean credit 18、 免责条款 escape clauses 19、 初级产品 primary commodities 20、 货物原产地港口 port of origin 21、 Budget: an account of probable future income and expenditure during a stated period as a guide in making
financial arrangement 22、 Amendment: change made to something 23、 Infrastructure: large-scale public services, such as water and power supplies, road, etc. needed to support
economic activities, esp. trade and commerce. 24、 Abundant: plentiful, more than enough. 25、 Discrepancy: difference; absence of agreement. 26、 Remittance: money sent by post 27、 After sight: after presentation of draft 28、 Expertise: expert skill or knowledge 29、 Clout: influence 30、 Contract proper: the main body of a contract. 31、 World company: a world company is a multinational company whose national identity has been blurred. 32、 Incoterms; incoterms are a set of international rules for the interpretation of trade terms. 33、 Contract: a contract is an agreement which sets ofrth binding obligations of the relevant parties. 34、 Bill of exchange: the bill of exchange is an unconditional order to a bank or a customer to pay a sum of money
to someone on demand or at a fixed time in the future. 35、 FDI: foreign direct investments.
International investment can be classified into two categories: portfolio investment and foreign direct investment. portfolio investment is a kind of investment in which the investor does not exercise any managerial control. The investor either holds foreign bonds or other non-equity securities which do not confer ownership rights or the investor holds stock shares (or other equities)in a foreign company in an amount too small to exercise any managerial control. In contrast foreign direct investment is a long-term equity investment in a foreign company that gives the investor managerial control over that company, foreign derect investments are mainly carried out by multinational corporations . surveys and cases studies indicate that their common motives for making foreign direct investments are based on strategic considerations involving market penetration ,technological know-how, reducing costs of distribution and transportation, labor, raw materials and political factors. 46、what does international business refer to ?
International business refers to transaction between parties from different countries. 47、describe briefly the characteristics of MNEs.
Firstly, they are enormous in size. Secondly, they have wide geographical spread. Thirdly, another characteristic of MNEs is their longevity and rapid growth.
48、what are the factors that decide the types of documents required for a particular transaction?
Different documents are required for different transactions; thus the following factors must be take into consideration: the nature of the deal, the term of delivery, the type of commodity, stipulations of credit, regulations and practices in different countries.
49、what is the Special Drawing Right? How was it created?
The special drawing right is sometimes called paper gold and used to settle official transactions at the IMF.
With the increase of foreign dollar holdings to finance trade expansion, the faith of dollar holders decreased in the ability of the United States to redeem the dollar for gold. To reduce the demand for the dollar as a reserve currency, the Special Drawing Right was created.
50、the term Triad refers to the three richest regions of the world, the United States, the European Union and Japan that offer the most important business opportunities, any international enterprise must bear Triad in mind if they want to e successful in the increasingly competitive world market.
术语TRIAD 是指世界上最富有的三大市场：美国、欧盟和日本。这些市场提供着最重要的商业机会。任何跨国企业要想在竞争日益激烈的世界市场上成功，都应当密切关注这三大市场。 51、in choosing a transportation mode for a particular product, shippers consider as many as six criteria: speed, frequency, dependability, capability, availability and cost. Thus if a shipper seeks speed, air and truck are the prime contenders. If the goal is low cost, then water and pipeline are the prime contenders. Shippers are increasingly combining two or more transportation modes thanks to containerization. Containerization consists of putting the goods in boxes or trailers that are easy to transfer between two transportation modes. Each coordinated mode of transportation offers specific advantages to the shipper.
为了给某种产品选定一种运输方式，货主要考虑六个问题：速度、频率、可靠性、能力、便利性和成本。这样，若货主要求速度，空运和汽车运输是首要选择。如果目标是低成本，那么水运和管道运输最好。由于集装箱化的发展，货主越来越多地将两种或更多的运输方式结合在一起，集装箱化是指将货物装入便于在两种运输方式间互换的箱子里或拖车上。每种联运都为货主提供了某些便利。
52、经济联盟的成员不仅要在税收、政府开支、产业政策等方面保持一致，而且还要使用统一的货币。
The members of an economic union are required not only to harmonize their taxation, government expenditure, industry policies, etc. , but also use the same currency.
53、包装需按运输的要求进行，在大多数的情况下，卖方明确地知道把货物安全地运到目的地所需要的特定包装类型。Packing should be made according to the requirement of transportation. In most cases, the seller knows clearly the particular type of packing required for transporting the goods safely to destination.
54、在国际贸易中已经出现了为解决不同情况下付款问题的各种各样的付款方式。
Various methods of payment have been developed to cope with different situations in international trade.
55、保险是一种风险转移机制。通过保险个人或企业可以将生活中一些不确定因素转移给其他人。Insurance is a risk transfer mechanism, by which the individual or the business enterprise can shift some of the uncertainty of life to the shoulders of others.
56、事实上，较不发达国家的目标在于建立一种他们所说的“国际经济新秩序”。
In fact, the target at which the less-developed countries are aiming is what they describe as “a new international economic order”.
全真模拟演练（二） 1、 Legal entity 法人实体
2、 Confirmed credit 保兑信用证 3、 Counter offer 还盘
4、 gold tranche 黄金份额 5、 terms of trade 贸易条件 6、 tariff schedule 税率表 税则 7、 partial shipment 分批装运 8、 hyperinflation 极度通货膨胀 9、 intellectual property 知识产权 10、 long-term capital 长期资本 11、 （汇率）间接标价 indirect quote 12、 中间产品 intermediate product 13、 反倾销 anti-dumping 14、 共同市场 common market 15、 大路货 staple goods 16、 绝对利益 absolute advantage 17、 远期信用证 usance credit 18、 价格条件 terms of sale 19、 受票人 drawee 20、 结关 customs clearance 21、 Purchasing power: of persons, the public, having the money to buy goods and services 22、 Integration: combining into a whole 23、 Specialization: to restrict one’s economic activities to certain particular fields 24、 Drawback: duties paid on imported goods that are refunded when reexported 25、 Dispute: argument or controversy 26、 Force majeure: social or natural calamities that take place beyond the control of a contracting party. 27、 Fluctuation: irregular movement of (prices, exchange rates etc.) 28、 Potential loss: loss which is possible to incur. 29、 Maturity: the time when a note or bill of exchange or a loan becomes due 30、 Membership: the state of being a member of a certain organization 31、 Opening bank: an opening bank is the bank that issues a letter of credit. 32、 Firm offer: a firm offer is a promise to sell goods at a stated price. 33、 Insurance policy: an insurance policy is a document used for covering possible risks. 34、 Intellectual property: it means certain non-tangible assets held, principally covering the areas of patent
protection, registered trade arks and designs, ad copyright. 35、 ICC : the International Chamber of Commerce.
International trade-the exchange of goods and services across borders is often explained by the theory of comparative advantage which has become the cornerstone of modern thinking on international trade. This theory was produced by David Ricardo who was an English economist in the nineteenth century. This theory points out that trade between countries can be mutually beneficial even if a country is less efficient than another in the production of every commodity. As long as there are minor, relative differences in the efficiency of producing a commodity, even the poor country can have a comparative advantage in producing it comparative advantage is not a static concept. A country may develop a particular comparative advantage purely through its own actions, independent of the endowments of nature. A case in point is Switzerland’s comparative advantage in watchmaking. 46、what is licensing? Why do firms choose it as a means of entering a foreign market?
In licensing, a firm leases the right to use its intellectual property to a firm in another country. Firms choose licensing because they do not have to make cash payments to start business, and can simply receive income in the form of royalty. Besides, they can benefit from locational advantages of foreign operation without any obligations in ownership or management.
47、what are the functions of insurance?
The functions of insurance are that through insurance, a group of individuals transfer risk and provide for payment of
losses from funds contributed by all members who transferred risk.
48、without insurance what kind of uncertainty may be experienced by an individual or an enterprise?
Without insurance, there would be a great deal of uncertainty experienced by an individual or an enterprise, not only as to whether a loss would occur, but also as to what size it would be if it did occur. 49、what are the major factors that may influence the exchange rate? Explain briefly.
There are three major factors influencing the exchange rate: (1) international balance of payment. It has a direct bearing on the supply and demand of foreign exchange. (2) inflation. It is closely related to the real value of the currency ad the competitiveness of the commodity. (3) interest rate. Under specific conditions, high interest rate will attract short-term international fund, increasing the exchange rate of one’s own currency and vice versa.
50、it should be noted ,however, that the existence of a letter of credit is not a guarantee of payment to anyone. Its existence only assures payment to the beneficiary if the terms and conditions of the letter of credit are fulfilled. In addition, a letter of credit does not insure that the materials purchased will be those invoiced or shipped.
然而应该注意，有了信用证并不能保证对任何人付款，信用证只保证在其条款得到满足的情况下对受益人付款。另外，信用证不担保发票载明的货物或实际装运的货物就是所购货物。
51、allowing foreign banks to enter the Chinese market will exert a positive influence on domestic banks, making Chinese banks more competitive, introducing new technology and information and providing additional funds. But in the short and not-so-long term future after foreign banks enter the Chinese market, these banks will be able to use lower prices and efficient services, including such services as tele-banking, to win over a large number of customers from domestic banks, especially prized customers. This will result in a cut in the amount of funds in the hands of domestic banks. The toughest challenge the government will face will be to eliminate bad debts, implement cautious and standard risk management models, and tighten up bank administration so that domestic banks can adapt to international competition.
允许外国银行进入中国市场将对国内银行产生积极影响，使其更具竞争力，引进新技术、新信息，并提供更多资金。但是在短期和不太长的时期内，外国银行进入中国市场将能利用低廉的价格和高效的服务，包括远程银行服务，从国内银行拉走大量客户，尤其是受重视的客户。这将导致国内银行手中掌握的资金减少。政府面临的最严峻的挑战是消除坏账，执行谨慎、规范的风险管理模式，加强对银行的管理，以使国内银行能适应国际竞争。 52、国际贸易一般指不同国家的当事人进行的交易，它涉及许多因素，因而比国内贸易复杂得多。
International business refers to transaction between parties from different countries. It involves more factors and thus is more complicated than domestic business.
53、尽管母公司的日常管理工作下放到跨国企业的子公司，但重要决策，如有关公司目标和新投资等都由母公司来决定。Although the day-to-day running of corporate operations may be decentralized to the affiliate MNCs, the major decisions, such as those on corporate goals and new investments are made by the parent company. 54、对销贸易据称是发展中国家和中央计划经济国家广泛使用的一种特殊形式的交易。
Counter trade is a peculiar form of transaction allegedly popular in less-developed countries and in centrally planned economies.
55、根据商品性质及各国具体规定不同，可能需要各种证书。
Various certificates may be required depending on the nature of the commodity and the stipulations of the specific countries.
56、一旦发盘或还盘被接受，便认为是达成了交易。
Transaction is considered concluded once an offer or a counter offer is accepted.
考前密押（一）
1、 title to the goods 货物所有权 2、 entrepreneur 企业家 3、 direct quote 直接标价
4、 stock exchange 证券交易所 5、 creditor country 债权国 6、 multi-polarization 多极化
7、 Xerox Corporation 施乐公司 8、 Processing trade 加工贸易 9、 Debtor 债务人 10、 Capital turnover 资金周转 11、 补偿贸易 compensation trade 12、 古迹 places of historical interest 13、 领事发票 consular invoice 14、 期权 options 15、 生活水平 standards of living 16、 合同正文 contract proper 17、 主要银行 leading bank 18、 可转让信用证 transferable credit 19、 保险公司 underwriters 20、 借款权 borrowing power
21、 Highlight : to make prominent; to draw special attention 22、 Export earnings: money earned on the sales of goods to other countries 23、 Liability: what one is responsible for according to law 24、 Beneficiary: the company that can make use of an L/C to get paid for its export 25、 Transferable: possible to be handed over 26、 Shipping marks: what is printed on the outer packing of goods as symbol for identification in the course of
transportation 27、 Distribution: the marketing, transporting, merchandising, and selling of any item 28、 Exchange rate: the price at which one currency can be exchanged for another currency 29、 Alternative: a choice from two or more possibilities 30、 Title: right to the possession of a position or property 31、 Bundling: bundling means that the exchanges of goods or services are tied together 32、 Sight credit: a sight credit is one by which payment can be made upon presentation of the draft and impeccable
documents by the beneficiary to the bank. 33、 Cargo insurance: cargo insurance refers to an activity which aims at moving the burden of risk from the
shoulders of the exporters and importers, and placing it upon the shoulders of specialist risk-bearing underwriters. 34、 Legal action: legal action is an action taken against someone in accordance with the law. 35、 IMF : International Monetary Fund
The euro is fundamentally a tool to enhance political solidarity. This political motivation began when the idea of the European union and a single currency was first conceived. while it also has the economic effect of unifying the economies of participating countries , it ultimately does much more for the European union. Economically, the euro’s advantages include: elimination of exchange-rate fluctuations, price transparency, lower transaction costs , increased trade across borders, increased cross-border employment simplified billing, financial market stability ,macro-economic stability, lower interest rate , and structural reform for European economies. 46、 What are the differences between visible trade and invisible trade? Give a few examples of invisible trade.
Visible trade involves the import and export of goods. Invisible trade involves the exchange of services between countries, invisible trade includes transportation service, insurance, tourism, immigrant remittance, etc. 47、what are the three major functions of the bill of lading?
(1) it serves as a cargo receipt signed by the carrier and issued to the shipper or consignor. (2) it constitutes a contract of carriage between the carrier and the consignor. (3) it is a document of title to the goods, and the legal holder of the bill of lading is the owner of the goods it covers.
48 what are the basic feature and major role of economic globalization?
The basic feature of economic globalization is the free flow of commodity, capital, technology, service and information in the global context for optimized allocation, the major role of economic globalization is to give new impetus and