鐔电殑璧锋簮銆佸巻鍙插拰鍙戝睍
涓�銆佺喌鐨勮捣婧?/p>
1865
骞达紝寰峰浗鐗╃悊瀛﹀椴侀亾澶?/p>
路
鍏嬪姵淇柉锛?/p>
Rudolf Clausius, 1822 鈥?nbsp;1888
锛夊湪鎻愬嚭浜嗙儹鍔?/p>
瀛︾浜屽畾寰嬪悗涓嶄箙锛?/p>
棣栨浠庡畯瑙備笂鎻愬嚭浜嗙喌
(Entropy)
鐨勬蹇点�?/p>
Entropy
鏉ヨ嚜甯岃厞璇嶏紝
甯岃厞璇簮
鎰忎负鈥滃唴鍚戔�?/p>
锛屼害鍗斥�滀竴涓郴缁熶笉鍙楀閮ㄥ共鎵版椂寰�鍐呴儴鏈�绋冲畾鐘舵�佸彂灞曠殑鐗规�р�?/p>
锛堝彟鏈変竴璇磋瘧
涓?/p>
鈥?/p>
杞彉
鈥?/p>
锛岃〃绀虹儹杞彉涓哄姛鐨勮兘鍔涳級
銆傚湪涓浗琚儭鍒氬鏁欐巿锛堜竴璇翠负娓呭崕鍒樺厛娲叉暀鎺堬級璇戜负
鈥?/p>
鐔?/p>
鈥?/p>
锛屽洜涓虹喌鏄?/p>
Q
闄や互
T
锛堟俯搴︼級鐨勫晢鏁般�?/p>
浠栧彂琛ㄤ簡
銆婂姏瀛︾殑鐑悊璁虹殑涓昏鏂圭▼涔嬩究浜庡簲鐢ㄧ殑褰㈠紡銆?/p>
涓�鏂囷紝
鍦ㄦ枃涓槑纭〃杈句簡
鈥滅喌鈥?/p>
鐨勬蹇靛紡鈥斺�?/p>
dS=
锛?/p>
dQ/T
锛?/p>
銆傜喌鏄墿璐ㄧ殑鐘舵�佸嚱鏁帮紝
鍗崇姸鎬佷竴瀹氭椂锛?/p>
鐗╄川鐨勭喌鍊间篃涓�瀹氥�?/p>
涔熷彲
浠ヨ鐔靛彉鍙拰鐗╄川鐨勫垵鏈姸鎬佹湁鍏炽�?/p>
鍏嬪姵淇柉鐢ㄥぇ閲忕殑鐞嗚鍜屼簨瀹炰緷鎹弗鏍艰瘉鏄庯紝
涓�涓绔?/p>
鐨勭郴缁熺殑鐔垫案杩滀笉浼氬噺灏戯紙
For an irreversible process in an isolated system, the thermodynamic
state variable known as entropy is always increasing.
锛?/p>
锛屾鍗崇喌澧炲姞鍘熺悊銆?/p>
鍏嬪姵淇柉鎻愬嚭鐨勭儹鍔涘绗簩瀹氬緥渚垮彲浠ヤ粠鏁板涓婅〃杩颁负鐔靛鍔犲師鐞嗭細
鈻?/p>
S
鈮?/p>
0
銆?/p>
鍦ㄤ竴涓彲
閫嗙殑杩囩▼涓紝绯荤粺鐨勭喌瓒婂ぇ锛屽氨瓒婃帴杩戝钩琛＄姸鎬侊紝
铏界劧姝ら棿鑳介噺鐨勬�婚噺涓嶅彉锛屼絾鍙緵鍒╃敤鎴?/p>
鑰呮槸杞寲鐨勮兘閲忓嵈鏄秺鏉ヨ秺灏戙�?/p>
浣嗘槸鍏嬪姵淇柉鍦ㄦ鍩虹涓婃妸鐑姏瀛︾涓�瀹氬緥鍜岀浜屽畾寰嬪簲鐢ㄤ簬鏁翠釜瀹囧畽锛屾彁鍑轰簡
鈥?/p>
鐑瘋
璇?/p>
鈥?/p>
鐨勮鐐癸細瀹囧畽鐨勭喌瓒婃帴杩戞煇涓�鏈�澶х殑鏋侀檺鍊硷紝閭ｄ箞瀹冨彉鍖栫殑鍙兘鎬ц秺灏忥紝瀹囧畽灏嗘案杩滃
浜庝竴绉嶆儼鎬х殑姝诲瘋鐘舵�併�傜儹瀵傝鑷充粖浠嶅紩鍙戜簡澶ч噺浜夎锛屾病鏈夊緱鍒拌瘉鏄庛�?/p>
浜屻�佺喌鐨勫彂灞?/p>
鍦ㄥ厠鍔充慨鏂彁鍑虹喌鍚庯紝
19
涓栫邯锛岀瀛﹀涓烘杩涜浜嗗ぇ閲忕爺绌躲�?/p>
1872
骞村ゥ鍦板埄绉戝瀹剁幓
灏斿吂鏇硷紙
L. E. Boltzmann
锛夐娆″鐔电粰浜堝井瑙傜殑瑙ｉ噴锛屼粬璁や负锛氬湪澶ч噺寰矑
(
鍒嗗瓙銆佸師瀛愩�佺
瀛愮瓑
)
鎵�鏋勬垚鐨勪綋绯讳腑锛岀喌灏变唬琛ㄤ簡杩欎簺寰矑涔嬮棿鏃犺寰嬫帓鍒楃殑绋嬪害锛屾垨鑰呰鐔典唬琛ㄤ簡浣撶郴
鐨勬贩涔卞害锛?/p>
The degree of randomness or disorder in a thermodynamic system.
锛?/p>
銆傝繖涔熺О涓烘槸鐔?/p>
鐨勭粺璁″瀹氫箟銆?/p>
鐜诲皵鍏规浖鎻愬嚭浜嗚憲鍚嶇殑鐜诲皵鍏规浖鐔靛叕寮?/p>
S=k
锛?/p>
ln
惟锛?/p>
锛?/p>
k=1.38脳10^(-23) J/K
锛?/p>
琚О涓虹幓灏斿吂
鏇煎父鏁帮紱
惟鍒欎负璇ュ畯瑙傜姸鎬佷腑鎵�鍖呭惈涔嬪井瑙傜姸鎬佹暟閲忥紝
鎴栬�呰鏄畯瑙傛�佸嚭鐜扮殑姒傜巼锛?/p>
涓�鑸彨
鍋氱儹鍔涘姒傜巼銆傜幓灏斿吂鏇煎師鐞嗘寚鍑虹郴缁熶腑鐨勫井瑙傜壒鎬э紙惟锛変笌鍏剁儹鍔涘鐗规�э紙
S
锛夌殑鍏崇郴锛?/p>
鍚庢潵杩欎釜浼熷ぇ鐨勭瓑寮忚鍒诲湪浠栫殑澧撶涓娿�?/p>
涓夈�佺喌鐨勫簲鐢?/p>
鑷粠
Clausius
鎻愬嚭鐔电殑姒傚康浠ユ潵锛屽畠鍦ㄧ儹瀛︾晫鍙戞尌鐨勪綔鐢ㄦ湁鐩叡鐫广�傛彁鍙婅繖涓蹇碉紝鎴?/p>
浠線寰�鎶婂畠涓庣儹鍔涘瀹氬緥锛?/p>
鐔靛鍘熺悊锛?/p>
鍗¤寰幆绛夎仈绯诲湪涓�璧凤紝
闄や簡鐑涔嬪锛?/p>
浠庡畠鐨勫畯瑙傘�?/p>
寰鎰忎箟鍑哄彂锛屽畠杩樿鎶借薄鍦板簲鐢ㄥ埌淇℃伅銆佺敓鐗┿�佸啘涓氥�佸伐涓氥�佺粡娴庣瓑棰嗗煙锛屾彁鍑轰簡骞夸箟鐔?/p>
鐨勬蹇点�?/p>
鐔靛湪鍏朵粬棰嗗煙涓殑搴旂敤鍦ㄦ涓嶅啀璧樿堪锛?/p>
涓嬮潰浠呭湪鐑棰嗗煙瀵圭喌杩涜涓�涓熀鏈殑鎺㈣銆?/p>
锛堜竴锛?/p>
銆佺喌鐨勫畾涔夛紙
Definition
锛?/p>
1
锛?/p>
瀹忚锛?/p>
瀹忚涓婃潵璇达紝
鐔垫槸绯荤粺鐑噺鍙樺寲涓庣郴缁熸俯搴︾殑鍟嗐�?/p>
锛?/p>
A macroscopic relationship
between heat flow into a system and the system's change in temperature.
锛夎繖涓畾涔夊啓鎴?/p>
鏁板鍏崇郴鏄細