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语法学案(非谓语动词)1
Class ____1_____ Name 张君怡 Score ___________
非谓语动词
在句中充当除谓语以外的句子成分的动词形式叫做非谓语动词。非谓语动词分为三种形式:不定式、动名词和分词(分词包括现在分词和过去分词)
不定式、动名词和现在分词都有时态和语态的变化.
不定式 主动语态 被动语态 与谓语动词的关系 一般式 进行式 完成式 动名词 一般式 完成式
现在分词 一般式 完成式 To do To be doing To have done To be done 动作发生在谓语动作之后 与谓语动作同时发生 To have been done 动作发生在谓语动作之前 主动语态 Doing Having done 被动语态 Being done Having been done 与谓语动词的关系 与谓语动作同时发生 动作发生在谓语动作之前 主动语态 Doing Having done 被动语态 Being done Having been done 与谓语动词的关系 与谓语动作同时发生 动作发生在谓语动作之前 不定式
一、不定式的作用
1、 作主语 不定式作主语时,谓语用单数。往往用it 作形式主语,把不定式放在谓语后面。如: It took us two hours to finish the job. / It is impossible for us to get
there on time.
It is very kind of you to help us. 2、 作宾语
(1) 动词+不定式。如: He managed to escape from the fire. I find it hard to get along with him.(it 作形式宾语)
注:下列动词通常用不定式作宾语:want, try, hope, wish, need, forget, know, promise, refuse, help, decide, begin, start, learn, agree, choose, get等。
(2) 动词+疑问词+to , “特殊疑问句+不定式”相当于名词,作宾语。如: I don’t know what to do next/ how to do it next. / I can’t decide when to go there. 3、 作宾语补足语
(1) 动词+宾语+不定式(to do )。如:
He warned me to be careful. / I want you to speak to Tom. What makes you think so?(不带to的不定式)
注:可以用动词不定式做宾补的动词有:ask, tell, order ,want ,get, would like, like, advise, invite, allow, help, wish, warn, expect, prefer, encourage。
(2) 表见解、看法的动词结构可为:动词+宾语+ to be 的不定式结构。如: We consider Tom to be one of the best students in our class. The book is believed to be useful.(被动语态) 4、作定语
不定式作定语,修饰名词或代词,不定式和它所修饰的名词之间有逻辑上的主谓关系、动状关系、同位关系或动宾关系。不定式通常要放在这些被修饰的词后。如:I have a lot of work to do.(动宾关系) He is looking for a room to live in.(动状关系) He is the first person to think of the idea.(主谓关系)
He has got a chance to go abroad.(同位关系)
注意:不定式的逻辑主语是句子的主语时,不定式用主动形式表被动。如: Do you have anything else to say?
5、作状语,表示目的、结果、原因等,有时还有一些固定搭配的不定式短语,如in order to , so as to, so…as to, such …as to, ….enough to, too…to等。
(1) 做目的状语,to, only to (仅仅为了), in order to, so as to,
so(such)….as to…(如此···以便···)如: He ran so fast as to catch the first bus. 他飞快地跑以便赶上第一班车。 (2) 作结果状语,only to do (此处do通常是find)表事先没有预料到的,要放在句子后面。如: He hurried to the post office only to find it was closed. He searched the room only to find nothing. (3) 做原因状语。如:We were very excited to hear the news. 6、作表语
不定式可放在be动词后面,构成表语。如:
The question is how to put it into practice. / My question is when to leave. 注意:1.不定式在句中作表语时,对应的谓语动词用单数。(即to do是单数的) 2.当主语是不定式时,表语不能用Ving形式,可用不定式。 如:To see is to believe. (眼见为实) 二、不定式的时态和语态 1、 不定式的时态
(1) 现在时:有时与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生,有时发生在谓语动词
的动作之后。如:He seems to know this. I hope to see you again. (2) 完成时:表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。如:
I’m sorry to have given you so much trouble. /He seems to have caught a cold.