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Pushing ahead, East, North, West development, facilitating shanty, complete xincheng West Road, stability and reconstruction of the street, Star Ding garden built century Garden District, subject public housing construction, heating the gas expansion accelerated implementation, Jing Rui River and bridge style line solid shaft, further expanded the town development. Beautiful country adhere to the advance and typical for a group to lead. According to \ogical lay based, and industry increased income, and live upgrade civilization, and culture rich connotation\caught built beautiful village, and whole village advance, and easily relocation, and \built\ct near 30 a; depth into ecological, and industry, and culture, and tourism, elements, high standards caught party original city Liu, and jade are Xia AO, model village, in province City set has benchmark. Four is equal benefits to promote sharing, coordinated development of various social undertakings. In the case of rigid spending slowing revenue growth, increase, financial 75% to the people's livelihood, the masses have more access in the sharing. Cuoban something good and benefit. Adhere to the affordable, best, carefully cuoban village oil, water and heat, cultural, city and County columns practical, developments benefit families, bring more welfare to the masses. Development of social convenience. Acceptance of balanced development of compulsory education through the national assessment, the County vocational education center was named \onal education in China\batch of national reform and development model through provincial ... Five is to deepen reform and innovation to break bottlenecks and endogenous development of effective fire. As an engine of dynamism, adding reform key to adopting reform measures stress energy and break bottlenecks and promoting development. Pay close attention to the key areas of reform. Conscientiously implement the provincial deployment and cancel, adjustment, to undertake the administrative approval items according to Regulation 347 to further improve administrative efficiency continuing deepening reform for poverty alleviation, speeding up rural land right registration certification pilot project, encouraging the orderly transfer of land management, utilize the land resources, in order to promote scale management laid the Foundation. Actively cultivate the market. Firmly establish a market-oriented, nurturing family farms, industrial users, professional cooperation organization new market management main body 456, effectively improve the industry, intensive and marketization of encouraging support social capital into the small micro-credit, urban development, culture and tourism, public services and other areas, easing development shortfall. To promote mass innovation. To support the rural sector to use new thinking and new ideas, creative work incentives such as actively promoting financial intermediation, bring added 159 in non public enterprises, individually-1540, created a2014教师招聘-教育理论综合知识核心考点速记归纳汇总四

【考点29】技能及其种类

所谓技能，一般认为是通过练习而形成的合乎法则的活动方式。 技能可分为操作技能和心智技能。 1.操作技能

操作技能也叫“动作技能”、“运动技能”，是通过学习而形成的合法则的操作活动方式。

操作技能的特点：(1)动作对象的客观性；(2)动作进行的外显性；(3)动作结构的展开性。 2.心智技能

心智技能也称智力技能、认知技能，是通过学习而形成的合法则的心智活动方式。 心智技能的特点：(1)对象具有观念性；(2)执行具有内潜性；(3)结构具有简缩性。

【考点30】操作技能的形成和培养 1.操作技能的形成阶段

操作的定向；操作的模仿；操作的整合；操作的熟练。 2.操作技能的培训要求 (1)准确地示范与讲解。 (2)必要而适当的练习。

(“高原期”：在练习中期往往出现进步的暂时停顿现象，这就是联系成绩上的

Pushing ahead, East, North, West development, facilitating shanty, complete xincheng West Road, stability and reconstruction of the street, Star Ding garden built century Garden District, subject public housing construction, heating the gas expansion accelerated implementation, Jing Rui River and bridge style line solid shaft, further expanded the town development. Beautiful country adhere to the advance and typical for a group to lead. According to \ogical lay based, and industry increased income, and live upgrade civilization, and culture rich connotation\caught built beautiful village, and whole village advance, and easily relocation, and \built\ct near 30 a; depth into ecological, and industry, and culture, and tourism, elements, high standards caught party original city Liu, and jade are Xia AO, model village, in province City set has benchmark. Four is equal benefits to promote sharing, coordinated development of various social undertakings. In the case of rigid spending slowing revenue growth, increase, financial 75% to the people's livelihood, the masses have more access in the sharing. Cuoban something good and benefit. Adhere to the affordable, best, carefully cuoban village oil, water and heat, cultural, city and County columns practical, developments benefit families, bring more welfare to the masses. Development of social convenience. Acceptance of balanced development of compulsory education through the national assessment, the County vocational education center was named \onal education in China\batch of national reform and development model through provincial ... Five is to deepen reform and innovation to break bottlenecks and endogenous development of effective fire. As an engine of dynamism, adding reform key to adopting reform measures stress energy and break bottlenecks and promoting development. Pay close attention to the key areas of reform. Conscientiously implement the provincial deployment and cancel, adjustment, to undertake the administrative approval items according to Regulation 347 to further improve administrative efficiency continuing deepening reform for poverty alleviation, speeding up rural land right registration certification pilot project, encouraging the orderly transfer of land management, utilize the land resources, in order to promote scale management laid the Foundation. Actively cultivate the market. Firmly establish a market-oriented, nurturing family farms, industrial users, professional cooperation organization new market management main body 456, effectively improve the industry, intensive and marketization of encouraging support social capital into the small micro-credit, urban development, culture and tourism, public services and other areas, easing development shortfall. To promote mass innovation. To support the rural sector to use new thinking and new ideas, creative work incentives such as actively promoting financial intermediation, bring added 159 in non public enterprises, individually-1540, created a所谓“高原期”，也可以叫做高原现象。) (3)充分而有效的反馈。 (4)建立稳定清晰的动觉。 【考点31】心智技能的形成和培养 1.心智技能的形成阶段

(1)原型定向，必须借助于一定的物质形式，使这种活动“外化”为原型。 (2)原型操作，把主体在头脑中建立起来的活动程序计划，以外显的操作方式付诸执行。

(3)原型内化，就是心智活动的实践模式向头脑内部转化。 2.心智技能的培养要求

(1)激发学习的积极性和主动性； (2)注意原型的完备性、独立性和概括性； (3)适应培养的阶段特征，正确使用言语。 (4)注意学生的个别差异。 【考点32】学习迁移的种类

1.正迁移与负迁移。划分依据：迁移性质不同。正迁移：促进作用；负迁移：干扰或阻碍作用。

2.水平迁移与垂直迁移。划分依据：迁移内容的不同抽象与概括水平。 水平迁移(横向迁移)：顺向迁移(先行影响后继)；逆向迁移(后继影响先行)。

Pushing ahead, East, North, West development, facilitating shanty, complete xincheng West Road, stability and reconstruction of the street, Star Ding garden built century Garden District, subject public housing construction, heating the gas expansion accelerated implementation, Jing Rui River and bridge style line solid shaft, further expanded the town development. Beautiful country adhere to the advance and typical for a group to lead. According to \ogical lay based, and industry increased income, and live upgrade civilization, and culture rich connotation\ht, caught built beautiful village, and whole village advance, and easily relocation, and \d three built\oject near 30 a; depth into ecological, and industry, and culture, and tourism, elements, high standards caught party original city Liu, and jade are Xia AO, model village, in province City set has benchmark. Four is equal benefits to promote sharing, coordinated development of various social undertakings. In the case of rigid spending slowing revenue growth, increase, financial 75% to the people's livelihood, the masses have more access in the sharing. Cuoban something good and benefit. Adhere to the affordable, best, carefully cuoban village oil, water and heat, cultural, city and County columns practical, developments benefit families, bring more welfare to the masses. Development of social convenience. Acceptance of balanced development of compulsory education through the national assessment, the County vocational education center was named \ol of vocational education in China\batch of national reform and development model through provincial ... Five is to deepen reform and innovation to break bottlenecks and endogenous development of effective fire. As an engine of dynamism, adding reform key to adopting reform measures stress energy and break bottlenecks and promoting development. Pay close attention to the key areas of reform. Conscientiously implement the provincial deployment and cancel, adjustment, to undertake the administrative approval items according to Regulation 347 to further improve administrative efficiency continuing deepening reform for poverty alleviation, speeding up rural land right registration certification pilot project, encouraging the orderly transfer of land management, utilize the land resources, in order to promote scale management laid the Foundation. Actively cultivate the market. Firmly establish a market-oriented, nurturing family farms, industrial users, professional cooperation organization new market management main body 456, effectively improve the industry, intensive and

marketization of encouraging support social capital into the small micro-credit, urban development, culture and tourism, public services and other areas, easing development shortfall. To promote mass innovation. To support the rural sector to use new thinking and new ideas, creative work incentives such as actively promoting financial intermediation, bring added 159 in non public enterprises, individually-1540, created a给人改变未来的力量

垂直迁移(纵向迁移)：自上而下(上位影响下位)同化；自下而上(下位影响上位)顺应。

3.一般迁移与具体迁移。划分依据：迁移内容的不同。 【考点33】学习迁移的基本理论 1.形式训练说

该学说认为心的组成成分是各种官能，它们遵循着用进废退的原则；一种官能的改进会加强其他所有官能。 2.相同要素说

该理论代表人物是教育心理学创始人桑代克。认为迁移的产生是因共同要素的存在。 3.概括说

该理论代表人物是心理学家贾德。“水下击靶”经典实验。 4.奥苏伯尔的认知观

基本观点：一切有意义的学习必然包括迁移；认知结构变量是影响学习迁移的重要因素。奥苏伯尔提出了三个主要的影响迁移的认知结构变量：可利用性、可辨别性与稳定性和清晰性。

【考点34】影响学习迁移的主要因素

(1)相似性；(2)原有认知结构；(3)学习的心向与定势。(陆钦斯的“量杯”实验是定势影响迁移的一个典型例证) 【考点35】促进迁移的教学

精选教材；合理编排教学内容；合理安排教学程序；教授学习策略，提高迁移意