2018届高考必考语法精讲之动词时态和语态(word版) 下载本文

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2018 届高考必考语法精讲:动词的时态和语态

语法中的时态(tense)是一种动词形式,同一动词的不同变化形式表达不同的时态,英语中有 16 种时态。《2017 年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试大纲》附录语法项目表中对于时态列了十项:(1)一般现在时(2)一般过去时 (3)一般将来时(4)现在进行时(5)过去进行时(6)过去将来时(7)将来进行时(8)现在完成时(9)过去 完成时(10)现在完成进行时;此外还列了被动语态,并将其作为单独一项。

2015 年高考全国卷Ⅰ第 61 题(语法填空)考查了动词 arrive 的一般过去时 arrived;第 71 题(短文改错)考查 了 think 变为过去时 thought;第 75 题(短文改错)考查了被动语态,删掉 been;第 79 题(短文改错)考查了将动 词过去时的 found 变为现在时的 find。

2016 年高考全国卷Ⅰ第 62 题(语法填空)考查了 allow 的一般过去时的被动语态 was allowed;第 74 题(短文 改错)考查了将过去时 had 变为现在时的 have;77 题(短文改错)考查了将 using 变为被动 used。

2017 年高考全国卷Ⅰ第 64 题(语法填空)考查了 remove 的一般现在时的被动语态 are removed;第 74 题(短 文改错)考查了将动词 goes 变成一般过去时 went。

各种时态构成表:(以 do 为例)

一般时态

现 过 将

在 去 来

do/does did shall/will do would do

进行时态 is/am/are doing was /were doing shall/will be doing would be doing

完成时态 has/have done had done

shall/will have done would have done

完成进行时态 has/have been doing had been doing

shall/will have been doing would have been doing

过去将来

一、一般现在时:动词原形或第三人称单数

1.构成:使用动词原形,第三人称单数须有变化。 (1)直接加“s”:work→works,take→takes

(2)以辅音加“y”结尾,变“y”为“i”,再加“es”:carry→carries

(3)以“o, s, x, ch, sh”结尾的动词加“es”:go→goes,dress→dresses,watch→watches,finish→finishes 2.功能:

(1)表现在的事实、状态或动作。例如: ①I have a dream. ②She loves music.

③Mary's parents get up very early.

(2)表习惯性动作或职业,常与 often,sometimes,usually,always,every week,occasionally,frequently,seldom 等时间副词连用。例如:

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①I always take a walk after supper. ②She writes to me very often. ③She is an English teacher.

(3)表客观真理,格言警句或事实。例如: ①The earth moves around the sun.

②The sun rises in the east and sets in the west. ③Two and two makes four. ④ No man but errs.

(4)表示将来发生的动作:

A.在由 when,after, before,as,as soon as,although,because,if,even if,in case,till,until,unless,as long as,where,whatever,wherever 等引导的状语从句中用一般现在时表将来发生的动作。例如: ① I'll tell her when she comes tomorrow. ② Even if it rains this afternoon, I'll meet you. ③Whatever happens, you should keep cool-headed. ④ I'll be right here waiting for you wherever you go.

B.按时间表将要发生的动作或事件,用一般现在时表达将来时概念。例如: ①The play begins at 6:30 this evening. ②When does the plane take off? ③He leaves for that city next week.

④According to the timetable, the train starts at 9 o’clock. 二.一般过去时:动词的过去式

1.表示过去某个特定时间或某一段时间发生的动作或情况。例如: ①We visited the school last spring.

②I went to school by bike when I was in middle school. ③China was founded in 1949.

2.在表示时间或条件等的状语从句中代替过去将来时。例如: ①She told me she would’t go with us if it rained the next day. ②They would not leave until she came back.

③His girlfriend promised to marry him once he bought her a big house. 三.一般将来时:shall / will + 动词原形

1.表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态。例如: ①He will graduate from the college next year.

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②We shall finish our work as quickly as possible. 2.将来时的其它结构。 例如:

I .is/am/are going to do sth.(美国口语中常读作 be gonna) ①I'm going to buy a new car this fall. ②He is going to sell his house.

注意:be going to 与 will 的对比:下列情况须用 will ①I will be sixteen years old next year. ②It will be the 20th of August tomorrow. ③When he comes, I will give him your message.

II. is/am/are + to do sth.表示计划安排做某事或征求意见。例如: ①Am I to take over his work? ②We are to meet at the gate.

III. is/am/are about to do sth. 即将做某事。例如: ①The talk is about to begin.

四.一般过去将来时:would + 动词原形

1.表示过去某时之后将出现的情况,通常用于宾语从句中。例如: ①He said that they would meet me at the station. ②She told me that she would come to see me.

2.表示过去习惯性动作(不管什么人称都用 would)。例如: ①Whenever he had time,Tom would go to see his grandma. ②The old couple would go for a walk after supper. 注意句型:

was/were about to do sth. when……正要做某事,这时……

=was/were on the point of doing sth. when……(when 引导的从句要用一般过去时)例如: ①He was about to go out when the telephone rang. ②I was about to go shopping when it rained.

③She was on the point of having supper when the light went off.

五.现在进行时:is / am / are +现在分词

1.表示现在正在进行的动作。例如: ①The water is boiling. Shall I make tea?

②The workers are building a new bridge across the river.

2.表现阶段正进行的动作。例如:

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