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（1）玻璃动物园 （2）欲望号街车 （3）夏日烟云
（4）热铁皮屋顶上的猫 4.style
（1）相结合的粗糙和诗歌 （2）生动的南方谈话
（3）有助于打破禁忌，长期强加给美国文学。 IV。阿瑟·米勒 1.life
在有关家庭和工作2.theme：现代人的困境 3.his戏剧
（1）的人，他所有的运气 （2）所有我的儿子 （3）推销员之死 （4）坩埚 （5）查看桥 五，荒诞派戏剧
绪论：存在主义哲学，主要是在欧洲
2.four创始人塞缪尔·贝克特，尤金尤奈斯库，吉恩Genet，阿瑟·阿达莫夫 的根本性※荒谬§？ 幽默和毫无意义的 4.features
（1）基本的假设：人的生命缺乏连贯性和混乱。生活没有任何规则。 （2）世界是无意义的，所以发挥出现无意义。 （3）检查生命和死亡的问题，的隔离和沟通。 （4）讽刺谁都不知道最终的现实（死亡）的人。
（5）在荒谬剧，是更重要的人物和事件。剧作家希望向人们展示他们的情况在他们的
生活是什么。因此，他构建了一个戏剧呈现出一个普遍的情况。结果之一，这些字符是经常滑稽和幽默的。 5.Edward阿尔比 （1）生活 （2）工程 一。动物园的故事
二。*害怕弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫？
Chapter 8 Black American Literature I. Overview
Negro 每 coloured （legally free） 每 black （after civil rights movement） 1.oral tradition （1）songs and ballads
（2）spirituals: sorrow of the singers＊ earlier condition and longing for freedom
（3）blues: after civil war, derived from work songs 每 loneliness, separation, losses, wonderings, love, desperation, sense of doom
（4）jazz: after WWI, developed from blues, died out in the Great Depression 2.written literature （from 1760s）
（1）poetry: religious, enduring, patient to the white
（2）slave narrative: autobiographical experience of the person
（3）1920s: Harlem Renaissance 每 New York, black 每 black dialect and black folklore 每 ※the new negro§ 每 representatives: Langston Hughes （※black poet laureate§）, Huston, Claude McKay
（4）1940s: Richard Wright, Ralph Ellison
（5）50s~60s: a lot of black writers emerged in the civil rights movement: James Baldwin, Brooks, Jones
（6）70s~80s: publishing of ※Root§ （Alex Haley）, Walker 每 ※The Colour Purple§, Morrison （the second woman writer and the only black who won Nobel Prize） II. Richard Wright 1.life
2.works
（1）Uncle Tom＊s Children: Four Novellas （2）Native Son （3）Black Boy
（4）The Outsider （the first novel of existentialism in America, published in France）
3.themes and subjects
His common theme is to condemn racism, urge reform, criticize evils of society. His books focus on racial conflict and physical violence. They review the devastating effect of institutionalized hatred （hatred brought by social system） and humiliation on black males＊ psyche. They affirmed dignity and humility of society＊s outcasts.
4.writing techniques 每 realism, naturalism
He tries to show that people cannot escape from society. Therefore, society must be changed. He is a father figure, especially to the writers of violence. III. Ralph Ellison 1.life
2.works: Invisible Man
significance: It has a universality of theme （problems of all modern people）, not only regional dilemma of existence.
3.attitude: complexity of art 每 the best art makes good politics, not vice versa.
IV. James Baldwin 1.life 2.works
（1）Go Tell It on the Mountain （2）Notes of a Native Son （3）Nobody Knows My Name （4）The Fire Next Time 3.point of view
Baldwin calls for the blacks to resort to means including force so as to bring about the nation＊s self-realization. He saw love and understanding as difficult but necessary way to overcome racial conflict. 4.themes: race, homosexuality V. Alice Walker 1.life 2.works
（1）Once （a collection of poems）
（2）In Search of Our Mothers＊ Gardens （※womanism§ instead of feminism） （3）The Colour Purple （epistolary） VI. Toni Morrison 1.life 2.works
（1）The Bluest Eye （2）Sula
（3）Song of Solomon （the best black novel after Native Son and Invisible Man） （4）Tar Baby （5）Beloved （6）Jazz
（7）Love （trilogy）
3.themes: love, guilt, history, individual, gender, race, religion
4.purpose: to empower the black people to act for themselves, to recognize for their own world, own history, own reality
5.style 每 many kinds of factors: naturalism, realism, fantasy, reality, magical realism