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Chapter 1 The literature of the New World
?Christopher Columbus (1451-1506) （克里斯托弗·哥伦布） “discoverer” of America Christopher Columbus made four voyages to America between 1492 and 1502. The first voyage was recorded in a journal now lost but it is partially survived in an abstract by Bartolome de Las Casas. 克里斯托弗·哥伦布曾在1492至1502年间四度前往美洲。第一次航行被记录在日记里，现已遗失，但是它的部分内容被卡萨斯写在了一篇摘要中。
Another noteworthy discoverer of America as a distinctly new region is the Florentine navigator Amerigo Vespucci. It is because of Vespucci’s story that the New World was named “America”. ( Hence “America”,1507 world map) 另一种值得注意的说法是佛罗伦萨航海家阿美利哥·韦斯普奇发现了这片新土地，而“美洲”也正是由他的名字而命名的。（识记，次重点） ◆Native American Oral Literature（美国土著口头文学） (理解，次重点)
There were mainly three major types of the native American oral literature: 美国土著口头文学主要有三种不同的形式： 1．Origin stories are those dramatizing tribal interpretations of how the earth
originated or of how people established relationships with plants, animals and the cosmos. 起源故事是一些对世界起源的戏剧性的解释，解释地球如何产生，人类如何与植物、动物和宇宙产生联系。 2．Trickster tales are humorous tales featuring trickster characters. Trickster figures are people in the form of animals such as Coyote, Raven, Blue Jay, Mink, or Rabbit. One might also say that they are half animal and half human. 魔法故事是一些关于魔法人物的幽默故事。魔法人物是以动物形象呈现的人，如狼、乌鸦、兔子等。也可以说他们是半人半兽。 3．Historical narratives are diverse in kinds. Some of them are tribal records of historical events. Many other narratives feature legendary figures that move in recognizable historical settings. In such tales, the line between an actual event and tribal belief is blurred. 历史叙事种类多样。有些是部落对历史事件的记录。许多其他叙事中的传奇人物来源于真实的历史背景。