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第8讲 连词和状语从句
[深化认知]
一、并列连词
1．并列连词的分类
(1)并列关系：常用连接词and, as well as, both ... and, neither ... nor, not only ... but (also), not ... but等。
He had plenty of money and he spent it freely. 他有很多钱，他花钱很随便。
Not only did he speak more correctly but (also) he spoke more easily. 他不仅说得更正确了，而且说起来也更容易了。
Neither the students nor the teacher agrees to the plan. 不仅是学生们而且老师也不同意这个计划。
A true man should be practical as well as far-sighted. 一个真正的人不仅要有远见，而且还要讲究实际。
(2)转折关系：常用连接词but, however, still, while, yet, whereas等。 He likes pop music, while I am fond of folk music. 他喜欢流行音乐，而我喜欢民间音乐。
(3)选择关系：常用连接词either ... or ..., or, or else, would rather ... than等。
Would you like to leave or would you like to stay? 你愿意离开还是留下来？
(4)因果关系：常用连接词for, so, thus等。
He must have been caught in the rain, for he is wet all over. 他肯定被雨淋了，因为他浑身都湿了。 2．使用并列连词的注意事项
(1)倒装：not only ... but (also) ...在连接并列分句时，如果not only置于句首，其所在的句子要用部分倒装。
Not only will help be given to people to find jobs, but (also) medical treatment will be provided for people who need it.
(这个机构)不仅帮助人们找工作而且也为需要的人提供医疗护理。 (2)“祈使句＋and/or＋陈述句”，有时祈使句部分也可用名词短语。 Another try, and you will make a success. 再试一次，你就会取得成功。
(3)下列句型中常用并列连词when：
①be about to do sth. when ...“正要做某事，这时突然……”
②be on the point of doing sth. when ...“正要做某事，这时突然……” ③be doing sth. when ...“正在做某事，这时突然……” ④had done sth. when ...“刚做了某事，这时突然……”
He was walking in the street when he suddenly saw an old man fall off his bike. 他正在街上散步，这时突然看到一位老人从自行车上摔了下来。
He was about to jump into the river when the guide stopped him. 他正要向河里跳这时导游拦住了他。 二、状语从句
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(一)时间状语从句 1．when, while, as
(1)when既可引导一个持续动作，也可引导一个短暂动作，可用于主句和从句动作同时发生或从句动作先于主句动作。
When he knocked at the door, I was working at the table. 他敲门时我正在桌子旁边工作。
(2)从属连词while引导的动作必须是持续性的，侧重主句动作和从句动作相对比。 Please don't talk so loud while others are working. 在别人工作时，请别这么大声谈话。
(3)从属连词as可表示从句和主句的两个动作交替进行或同时完成，可译为“一边……(一边……)”或“随着……”。
As speech develops, the child starts to string more words together. 随着语言能力不断发展，孩子开始把更多的词连起来说。
(4)如果主句表示的是短暂性动作，而从句用延续性动词的进行时态表示在一段时间内正在进行的动作，此时when, while与as可互换使用。
When/While/As I was walking down the street, I came across an old friend of mine.
当我沿大街行走时，碰巧遇到了我的一个老朋友。 2．表示“刚……就……，一……就……”的常用表达
(1)as soon as, immediately, directly, instantly, the moment, the minute, the instant, no sooner ... than ..., hardly/scarcely ... when ...和once。上述从属连词引导的从句都表示从句的动作一发生，主句的动作随即就发生，常意为“一……就……”。
The moment I heard the voice，I knew Father was coming. 我一听到那个声音就知道父亲来了。
My mom didn't wait a moment, but came immediately she received my call. 我妈妈未等片刻，而是一接到我的电话就立刻来了。
(2)no sooner ... than ..., hardly/scarcely ... when ...的时态搭配：no sooner与hardly/scarcely后的句子谓语动词应用过去完成时，而than与when引导的句子谓语动词应用一般过去时。此外，当把no sooner和hardly/scarcely提到句首时，应用倒装语序。
He had no sooner finished his speech than the students started cheering. ＝ No sooner had he finished his speech than the students started cheering. 他刚完成演讲学生们就开始欢呼起来。 3．before与since
(1)before表示“还未……就……；不到……就……；……才……；趁……；还没来得及……就……，在……之前”。
She left before I could say a word. 我还没有来得及说话她就离开了。
(2)It will be＋一段时间＋before ...“多久之后才……”。 It will be three years before I graduate from college. 三年后我才大学毕业。
(3)It won't be long before ...“不久之后就……”。
It will not be long before you regret for what you've done. 不久你就会为你的所作所为后悔的。
(4)It was＋一段时间＋before ...“过了多久才……”。
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It was several days before I realized that David had lied to me. 几天之后我才意识到大卫对我撒谎了。
(5)It is＋一段时间＋since ...“自从……多久了”。
As is reported, it is 100 years since Tsinghua University was founded. 像报道的那样，自从清华大学成立已经有100年了。 4．“每次……；下一次……”的常用表达
every time, each time, next time, the last time, any time等名词短语用来引导时间状语从句，表示“每当……；每次……；下次……”等。
You don't have to go running upstairs every time she rings. 用不着她一来电话你就往楼上跑。
Next time you go shopping, buy a few extra fruits and vegetables. 下次你去买东西，多买点水果蔬菜。 5．till, until和not ...until
(1)until或till表示“某动作一直延续到某时间点才停止”，此时主句谓语动词是延续性动词，主、从句都为肯定式。这两个词可以换用，但till不可以置于句首，而until可以。
Have you heard the meeting will be put off till/until next Tuesday? 你有没有听说会议将被推迟到下周二？
(2)not ...until表示“某动作直到某时间才开始”，主句谓语动词是非延续性动词，从句为肯定式。
I won't tell the student the answer to the math problem until he has been working on it for more than an hour.
直到这个学生做这道数学题用了一个多小时的时间，我才会告诉他答案。 (二)地点状语从句
1．地点状语从句通常由连词where和wherever引导，从句可位于主句之前，也可位于主句之后。
A number of high buildings have arisen where there was nothing a year ago but ruins.
很多高楼在以前只有废墟的地方拔地而起。 2．地点状语从句在句首时常兼有抽象条件意味。 Where there is a will, there is a way. 有志者事竟成。 (三)条件状语从句
引导条件状语从句的从属连词有：if, unless (＝if ... not除非), so/as long as (只要), in case (万一), on condition that (条件是), suppose/supposing (that) (假设，如果), provided that (如果)等。
He has been granted his freedom on condition that he leaves the country. 他已获准恢复自由，条件是他离开这个国家。
Suppose/Supposing (that) they refuse us, who else can we turn to for help? 假如他们拒绝了我们，我们还可以求助谁？ (四)让步状语从句
1．although/though(尽管，虽然)，even though/even if (即使)。
(2013·四川高考单选)He is so busy. He cannot afford enough time with his son even if he wants to.
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